Emergency Response
Emergency Response
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1- Drowning – Immediate Response
1- Drowning – Immediate Response
Drowning is a life-threatening emergency and one of the leading causes of accidental death in children. Early recognition and rapid intervention are critical to prevent hypoxic injury and death.
Initial Assessment (Primary Survey) :
Ensure scene safety before approaching the child
Remove the child from water as quickly and safely as possible
Assess responsiveness (tap and shout)
Check breathing and pulse simultaneously
Immediate First Aid Steps :
If the child is not breathing or has inadequate breathing → start rescue breaths immediately
If there is no pulse → begin CPR
If breathing is present → place the child in a recovery position and monitor closely
Keep the child warm to prevent hypothermia
What NOT to Do?
Do not delay rescue to remove water from lungs
Do not perform abdominal thrusts routinely
Do not wait for spontaneous recovery
When to Initiate CPR?
Unresponsive child
Absent or abnormal breathing
No palpable pulse
2- CPR in Infants and Children
2- CPR in Infants and Children
Pediatric CPR focuses on providing effective chest compressions and ventilation to restore circulation and oxygenation until advanced care arrives.
CPR in Infants (< 1 year) :
Assessment :
Check responsiveness and breathing
Check brachial pulse for ≤10 seconds
Chest Compressions :
Use two fingers (single rescuer) or two-thumb encircling technique (two rescuers)
Compression depth: ~4 cm (1.5 inches)
Rate: 100–120 compressions/min
Ventilation (Compression-to-breath ratio) :
30:2 (single rescuer)
15:2 (two rescuers)
CPR in Children (1 year to puberty) :
Assessment :
Check responsiveness and breathing
Check carotid or femoral pulse
Chest Compressions :
Use one or two hands (depending on child size)
Compression depth: ~5 cm (2 inches)
Rate: 100–120 compressions/min
Ventilation (Compression-to-breath ratio) :
30:2 (single rescuer)
15:2 (two rescuers)
Key Clinical Points :
Allow full chest recoil after each compression
Minimize interruptions
Start CPR immediately, Do not wait for equipment
Use AED as soon as available (with pediatric pads if possible)
3- Choking and Aspiration
3- Choking and Aspiration
Choking occurs when a foreign body obstructs the airway and is a common pediatric emergency, especially in infants and toddlers.
Recognition of Choking :
Sudden coughing or gagging
Inability to cry or speak
Cyanosis (bluish discoloration)
Silent chest with no airflow
Managment By Age :
Infants (< 1 year)
Place infant face down on your forearm
Deliver 5 back blows between the shoulder blades
Turn infant face up and give 5 chest thrusts
Repeat until object is expelled or infant becomes unresponsive
Note: Do NOT perform abdominal thrusts in infants
Children (> 1 year)
Encourage coughing if airway is partially obstructed
If severe obstruction:
Perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)
Continue until object is expelled or child becomes unresponsive
If the Child Becomes Unresponsive :
Call emergency services immediately
Start CPR
Check mouth for visible object only after compressions
Do not perform blind finger sweeps
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